Circulation Research, Vol 69, 475-482, Copyright © 1991 by American Heart Association

ARTICLES

Tissue-specific activation of cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme in experimental heart failure

AT Hirsch, CE Talsness, H Schunkert, M Paul and VJ Dzau
Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.

In addition to the circulating renin-angiotensin system, recent data demonstrate the existence of tissue renin-angiotensin systems that may be important in cardiovascular homeostasis. However, the relative activities of the circulating and tissue renin-angiotensin systems have not been examined previously in pathophysiological states, such as congestive heart failure. The present study was performed to examine the status of plasma and tissue angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activities in compensated experimental heart failure induced by coronary artery ligation in the rat. Three groups of male Sprague- Dawley rats were examined: 1) nonoperated rats (NO, n = 5), 2) sham- operated rats (SO, n = 5), and 3) heart failure rats (HF, n = 11). Rats were studied an averaged of 85 days postoperatively. In HF animals, plasma renin concentration and serum ACE activities were not different compared with NO and SO control animals. Cardiac ACE activity was 50% greater in the right ventricle than the interventricular septum in NO and SO rats. Both right ventricular and interventricular septal ACE activity increased approximately twofold in HF animals as compared with NO and SO groups (p less than 0.05). In contrast, pulmonary, aortic, and renal ACE activities were not altered in HF rats compared with control animals. A positive correlation existed between the histopathological size of myocardial infarction and the level of right ventricular ACE activity (r = 0.75, p less than or equal to 0.05). Such a relation between infarct size and either serum or noncardiac tissue ACE activities was not observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

This article has been cited by other articles:

				F. J. Femia, K. P. Maresca, S. M. Hillier, C. N. Zimmerman, J. L. Joyal, J. A. Barrett, O. Aras, V. Dilsizian, W. C. Eckelman, and J. W. Babich Synthesis and Evaluation of a Series of 99mTc(CO)3+ Lisinopril Complexes for In Vivo Imaging of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Expression J. Nucl. Med., June 1, 2008; 49(6): 970 - 977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Hamming, H. van Goor, A. J. Turner, C. A. Rushworth, A. A. Michaud, P. Corvol, and G. Navis Differential regulation of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 during ACE inhibition and dietary sodium restriction in healthy rats Exp Physiol, May 1, 2008; 93(5): 631 - 638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Kanemitsu, S. Takai, H. Tsuneyoshi, E. Yoshikawa, T. Nishina, M. Miyazaki, T. Ikeda, and M. Komeda Chronic chymase inhibition preserves cardiac function after left ventricular repair in rats Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., January 1, 2008; 33(1): 25 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Saha, J. Molnar, and R. R. Arora Tissue ACE Inhibitors for Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Preserved Left Ventricular Function: A Pooled Meta-analysis of Randomized Placebo-controlled Trials Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, September 1, 2007; 12(3): 192 - 204. [Abstract] [PDF]

				V. Dilsizian, W. C. Eckelman, M. L. Loredo, E. M. Jagoda, and J. Shirani Evidence for Tissue Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in Explanted Hearts of Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Using Targeted Radiotracer Technique J. Nucl. Med., February 1, 2007; 48(2): 182 - 187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Paul, A. Poyan Mehr, and R. Kreutz Physiology of local Renin-Angiotensin systems. Physiol Rev, July 1, 2006; 86(3): 747 - 803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. E. Jalil, A. Perez, M. P. Ocaranza, J. Bargetto, A. Galaz, and S. Lavandero Increased Aortic NADPH Oxidase Activity in Rats With Genetically High Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Levels Hypertension, December 1, 2005; 46(6): 1362 - 1367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Sugiyama, T. Yoshimoto, K. Tsuchiya, N. Gochou, Y. Hirono, T. Tateno, N. Fukai, M. Shichiri, and Y. Hirata Aldosterone Induces Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Expression via a JAK2-Dependent Pathway in Rat Endothelial Cells Endocrinology, September 1, 2005; 146(9): 3900 - 3906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. S. Zisman Myocardial infarction increases ACE2 expression in rat and humans: reply Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2005; 26(11): 1141 - 1142. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. F.C. Schut, G. S. Bleumink, B. H.Ch. Stricker, A. Hofman, J. C.M. Witteman, H. A.P. Pols, J. W. Deckers, J. Deinum, and C. M. van Duijn Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and the risk of heart failure in hypertensive subjects Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2004; 25(23): 2143 - 2148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. N. Gring and G. S. Francis A hard look at angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 2, 2004; 44(9): 1841 - 1846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. A. Kocks, S. Gschwend, D. de Zeeuw, G. Navis, and H. Buikema Low Sodium Modifies the Vascular Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Therapy in Healthy Rats J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2004; 310(3): 1183 - 1189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K.-D. Schluter and K. C Wollert Synchronization and integration of multiple hypertrophic pathways in the heart Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2004; 63(3): 367 - 372. [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Jin, G. Fedorowicz, R. Yang, A. Ogasawara, F. Peale, T. Pham, and N. F. Paoni Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Is Induced in the Left Ventricle of Rats With Heart Failure and Can Provide Inotropic Support to the Failing Heart Circulation, May 11, 2004; 109(18): 2240 - 2245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Jin, S. Takai, M. Sakaguchi, Y. Okamoto, M. Muramatsu, and M. Miyazaki An Antiarrhythmic Effect of a Chymase Inhibitor after Myocardial Infarction J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2004; 309(2): 490 - 497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Jin, S. Takai, M. Yamada, M. Sakaguchi, K. Kamoshita, K. Ishida, Y. Sukenaga, and M. Miyazaki Impact of chymase inhibitor on cardiac function and survival after myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2003; 60(2): 413 - 420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. B. Averill, Y. Ishiyama, M. C. Chappell, and C. M. Ferrario Cardiac Angiotensin-(1-7) in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Circulation, October 28, 2003; 108(17): 2141 - 2146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Bos, G. D Laverman, R. H Henning, A. T. Tiebosch, P. E de Jong, D. de Zeeuw, and G. Navis Involvement of renal ACE activity in proteinuria-associated renal damage in untreated and treated adriamycin nephrotic rats Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, June 1, 2003; 4(2): 106 - 112. [Abstract] [PDF]

				U. Seeland, I. Kouchi, O. Zolk, F. Jockenhovel, G. Itter, W. Linz, and M. Bohm Effects of diuretic treatment on cardiac and circulating RAS in chronic heart failure post-myocardial infarction in rats Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2003; 5(3): 241 - 246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Casal, J.-S. Silvestre, C. Delcayre, and A. M. Capponi Expression and Modulation of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Rat Cardiocytes and after Myocardial Infarction Endocrinology, May 1, 2003; 144(5): 1861 - 1868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Shivakumar, D. E. Dostal, K. Boheler, K. M. Baker, and E. G. Lakatta Differential response of cardiac fibroblasts from young adult and senescent rats to ANG II Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2003; 284(4): H1454 - H1459. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Makino, Y. Hattori, N. Matsuda, H. Onozuka, I. Sakuma, and A. Kitabatake Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockade on beta -Adrenoceptor Signaling in Heart Failure Produced by Myocardial Infarction in Rabbits: Reversal of Altered Expression of beta -Adrenoceptor Kinase and Gialpha J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2003; 304(1): 370 - 379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Zhang, L. J. Bloem, L. Yu, T. B. Estridge, P. W. Iversen, C. E. McDonald, J. P. Schrementi, X. Wang, C. J. Vlahos, and J. Wang Protein kinase C {beta}II activation induces angiotensin converting enzyme expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2003; 57(1): 139 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-M. Herrmann, V. Nicaud, K. Schmidt-Petersen, J. Pfeifer, J. Erdmann, T. McDonagh, H. J. Dargie, M. Paul, and V. Regitz-Zagrosek Angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene polymorphism and cardiovascular phenotypes: the GLAECO and GLAOLD studies Eur J Heart Fail, December 1, 2002; 4(6): 707 - 712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. Freshour, S. E. Chase, and K. L. Vikstrom Gender differences in cardiac ACE expression are normalized in androgen-deprived male mice Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2002; 283(5): H1997 - H2003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. M Aartsen, M. P Schuijt, A.H.J. Danser, M. J.A.P Daemen, and J. F.M Smits The role of locally expressed angiotensin converting enzyme in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in mice Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2002; 56(2): 205 - 213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. D. Solomon and M. A. Pfeffer Renin-Angiotensin System and Cardiac Rupture After Myocardial Infarction Circulation, October 22, 2002; 106(17): 2167 - 2169. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. J. Farquharson and A. D. Struthers Gradual reactivation over time of vascular tissue angiotensin I to angiotensin II conversion during chronic lisinopril therapy in chronic heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 6, 2002; 39(5): 767 - 775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Lapointe and J.-L. Rouleau Activation of vascular tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in heart failure: Effects of ACE inhibitors J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 6, 2002; 39(5): 776 - 779. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Smit-van Oosten, R. H Henning, and H. van Goor Strain differences in angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II type I receptor expression. Possible implications for experimental chronic renal transplant failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2002; 3(1): 46 - 53. [Abstract] [PDF]

				C. Kramers, S. M. Danilov, J. Deinum, I. V. Balyasnikova, N. Scharenborg, M. Looman, F. Boomsma, M. H. de Keijzer, C. van Duijn, S. Martin, et al. Point Mutation in the Stalk of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Causes a Dramatic Increase in Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme But No Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, September 11, 2001; 104(11): 1236 - 1240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Harada, M. Yoshimura, H. Yasue, O. Nakagawa, M. Nakagawa, M. Harada, Y. Mizuno, M. Nakayama, Y. Shimasaki, T. Ito, et al. Aldosterone Induces Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Gene Expression in Cultured Neonatal Rat Cardiocytes Circulation, July 10, 2001; 104(2): 137 - 139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Sandmann, M. Yu, E. Kaschina, A. Blume, E. Bouzinova, C. Aalkjaer, and T. Unger Differential effects of angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptors on the expression, translation and function of the Na+-H+ exchanger and Na+-HCO3- symporter in the rat heart after myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 15, 2001; 37(8): 2154 - 2165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Palojoki, A. Saraste, A. Eriksson, K. Pulkki, M. Kallajoki, L.-M. Voipio-Pulkki, and I. Tikkanen Cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2001; 280(6): H2726 - H2731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ryden, P.-O. Sjoquist, and Q.-D. Wang Pharmacological tools for the limitation of myocardial reperfusion injury: Experimental evidence Eur. Heart J. Suppl., June 1, 2001; 3(suppl_C): C28 - C35. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. Ytterberg and L. Edvinsson Characterisation of angiotensin II receptors in isolated human subcutaneous resistance arteries Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2001; 2(1_suppl): S37 - S41. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. Ytterberg and L. Edvinsson Evidence for a cyclic AMP-dependent pathway in angiotensin AT1-receptor activation of human omental arteries Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2001; 2(1_suppl): S42 - S47. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. Schulz and G. Heusch Review: AT 1-receptor blockade in experimental myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2001; 2(1_suppl): S136 - S140. [PDF]

				M. L. M. Barreto-Chaves, I. Aneas, and J. E. Krieger Glucocorticoid regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme in primary culture of adult cardiac fibroblasts Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2001; 280(1): R25 - R32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. T Weber and Yao Sun Recruitable ACE and tissue repair in the infarcted heart Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, December 1, 2000; 1(4): 295 - 303. [PDF]

				A. L. Macnair Is inactivity the origin of essential hypertension: should we all be runners? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., November 1, 2000; 15(11): 1751 - 1754. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-L. Liu, S. Irvine, I. A. Reid, K. P. Patel, and I. H. Zucker Chronic Exercise Reduces Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Rabbits With Pacing-Induced Heart Failure : A Role for Angiotensin II Circulation, October 10, 2000; 102(15): 1854 - 1862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Leri, Y. Liu, B. Li, F. Fiordaliso, A. Malhotra, R. Latini, J. Kajstura, and P. Anversa Up-Regulation of AT1 and AT2 Receptors in Postinfarcted Hypertrophied Myocytes and Stretch-Mediated Apoptotic Cell Death Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2000; 156(5): 1663 - 1672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Sun, J. Zhang, J. Q. Zhang, and F. J. A. Ramires Local Angiotensin II and Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 in Renal Fibrosis of Rats Hypertension, May 1, 2000; 35(5): 1078 - 1084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Sun and K. T. Weber Infarct scar: a dynamic tissue Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2000; 46(2): 250 - 256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Z. Zhu, H. S. Lee, Y. Z. Zhu, and H. S. Lee Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition After Myocardial Infarction Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, March 1, 2000; 8(1): 85 - 90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Katz, J. A. Opsahl, S. E. Wernsing, L. M. Forbis, J. Smith, and L. J. Heller Myocardial renin is neither necessary nor sufficient to initiate or maintain ventricular hypertrophy Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2000; 278(3): R578 - R586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Wang, P. Y. Reaves, M. L. Gardon, K. Keene, D. S. Goldberg, C. H. Gelband, M. J. Katovich, and M. K. Raizada Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Antisense Gene Therapy Causes Permanent Antihypertensive Effects in the SHR Hypertension, January 1, 2000; 35(1): 202 - 208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Y. Reaves, C. H. Gelband, H. Wang, H. Yang, D. Lu, K. H. Berecek, M. J. Katovich, and M. K. Raizada Permanent Cardiovascular Protection From Hypertension by the AT1 Receptor Antisense Gene Therapy in Hypertensive Rat Offspring Circ. Res., November 12, 1999; 85 (10): e44 - e50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. E. Dostal and K. M. Baker The Cardiac Renin-Angiotensin System : Conceptual, or a Regulator of Cardiac Function? Circ. Res., October 1, 1999; 85(7): 643 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. C Wollert and H. Drexler The renin-angiotensin system and experimental heart failure Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 1999; 43(4): 838 - 849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Malhotra, J. Sadoshima, F. C. Brosius III, and S. Izumo Mechanical Stretch and Angiotensin II Differentially Upregulate the Renin-Angiotensin System in Cardiac Myocytes In Vitro Circ. Res., July 23, 1999; 85(2): 137 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Xavier-Neto, A. C. Pereira, M. d. L. Junqueira, R. Carmona, and J. E. Krieger Rat Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Promoter Regulation by {beta}-Adrenergics and cAMP in Endothelium Hypertension, July 1, 1999; 34(1): 31 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. T. Hirsch, J. A. Opsahl, M. M. Lunzer, and S. A. Katz Active renin and angiotensinogen in cardiac interstitial fluid after myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 1999; 276(6): H1818 - H1826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Yokoyama, K. Sekiguchi, T. Tanaka, K. Tomaru, M. Arai, T. Suzuki, and R. Nagai Angiotensin II and mechanical stretch induce production of tumor necrosis factor in cardiac fibroblasts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 1999; 276(6): H1968 - H1976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-S. Silvestre, C. Heymes, A. Oubenaissa, V. Robert, B. Aupetit-Faisant, A. Carayon, B. Swynghedauw, and C. Delcayre Activation of Cardiac Aldosterone Production in Rat Myocardial Infarction : Effect of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade and Role in Cardiac Fibrosis Circulation, May 25, 1999; 99(20): 2694 - 2701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Marie, C. Mossiat, C. Gros, J.-C. Schwartz, J.-M. Lecomte, and J. Bralet Effect of long-term therapy with fasidotril, a mixed inhibitor of neprilysin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), on survival of rats after myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 1999; 41(3): 544 - 553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Khan, R. W. Millard, M. Gabel, R. A. Walsh, and B. D. Hoit Effect of congestive heart failure on in vivo canine aortic elastic properties J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 1999; 33(1): 267 - 272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. H. H. Leenen, V. Skarda, B. Yuan, and R. White Changes in cardiac ANG II postmyocardial infarction in rats: effects of nephrectomy and ACE inhibitors Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 1999; 276(1): H317 - H325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Skolnick, S. E. Litwin, W. H. Barry, and K. W. Spitzer Effect of ANG II on pHi, [Ca2+]i, and contraction in rabbit ventricular myocytes from infarcted hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 1998; 275(5): H1788 - H1797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.J.M. G. Nelissen-Vrancken, M. C. Kuizinga, M. J.A.P. Daemen, and J. F.M. Smits Early captopril treatment inhibits DNA synthesis in endothelial cells and normalization of maximal coronary flow in infarcted rat hearts Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 1998; 40(1): 156 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R.S. Krombach, M. J Clair, J. W Hendrick, W. V Houck, J. L Zellner, S. B Kribbs, S. Whitebread, R. Mukherjee, M. de Gasparo, and F. G Spinale Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition, AT1 receptor inhibition, and combination therapy with pacing induced heart failure: effects on left ventricular performance and regional blood flow patterns Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 1998; 38(3): 631 - 645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Harada, I. Komuro, I. Shiojima, D. Hayashi, S. Kudoh, T. Mizuno, K. Kijima, H. Matsubara, T. Sugaya, K. Murakami, et al. Pressure Overload Induces Cardiac Hypertrophy in Angiotensin II Type 1A Receptor Knockout Mice Circulation, May 19, 1998; 97(19): 1952 - 1959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Gullestad, G. Haywood, H. Aass, H. Ross, G. Yee, T. Ueland, O. Geiran, J. Kjekshus, S. Simonsen, N. Bishopric, et al. Angiotensin II receptor subtype AT1 and AT2 expression after heart transplantation Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 1998; 38(2): 340 - 347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Bohm, O. Zolk, M. Flesch, F. Schiffer, P. Schnabel, J.-P. Stasch, and A. Knorr Effects of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockade and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on Cardiac ß-Adrenergic Signal Transduction Hypertension, March 1, 1998; 31(3): 747 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. W. Brooks, O. H. L. Bing, K. G. Robinson, M. T. Slawsky, D. M. Chaletsky, and C. H. Conrad Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on Myocardial Fibrosis and Function in Hypertrophied and Failing Myocardium From the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Circulation, December 2, 1997; 96(11): 4002 - 4010. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. T. Weber Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Heart Failure : A Role for De Novo Angiotensin II Generation Circulation, December 2, 1997; 96(11): 4065 - 4082. [Full Text]

				F. G. Spinale, H. H. Holzgrefe, R. Mukherjee, M. L. Webb, R. B. Hird, M. J. Cavallo, J. R. Powell, and W. H. Koster Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Angiotensin II Subtype-1 Receptor Blockade during the Progression of Left Ventricular Dysfunction: Differential Effects on Myocyte Contractile Processes J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 1997; 283(3): 1082 - 1094. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				F. G. Spinale, M. de Gasparo, S. Whitebread, L. Hebbar, M. J. Clair, D. M. Melton, R. S. Krombach, R. Mukherjee, J. P. Iannini, and S.-J. O Modulation of the Renin-Angiotensin Pathway Through Enzyme Inhibition and Specific Receptor Blockade in Pacing-Induced Heart Failure : I. Effects on Left Ventricular Performance and Neurohormonal Systems Circulation, October 7, 1997; 96(7): 2385 - 2396. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Flesch, F. Schiffer, O. Zolk, Y. Pinto, S. Rosenkranz, C. Hirth-Dietrich, G. Arnold, M. Paul, and M. Bohm Contractile Systolic and Diastolic Dysfunction in Renin-Induced Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy Hypertension, September 1, 1997; 30(3): 383 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Y. Sun, F. J.A Ramires, and K. T Weber Fibrosis of atria and great vessels in response to angiotensin II or aldosterone infusion Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 1997; 35(1): 138 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. O. Weinberg, M. A. Lee, M. Weigner, K. Lindpaintner, S. P. Bishop, C. R. Benedict, K. K. L. Ho, P. S. Douglas, E. Chafizadeh, and B. H. Lorell Angiotensin AT1 Receptor Inhibition : Effects on Hypertrophic Remodeling and ACE Expression in Rats With Pressure-Overload Hypertrophy due to Ascending Aortic Stenosis Circulation, March 18, 1997; 95(6): 1592 - 1600. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. Asano, D. L. Dutcher, J. D. Port, W. A. Minobe, K. D. Tremmel, R. L. Roden, T. J. Bohlmeyer, E. W. Bush, M. J. Jenkin, W. T. Abraham, et al. Selective Downregulation of the Angiotensin II AT1-Receptor Subtype in Failing Human Ventricular Myocardium Circulation, March 4, 1997; 95(5): 1193 - 1200. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. Mulder, B. Devaux, V. Richard, J.-P. Henry, M.-C. Wimart, E. Thibout, B. Mace, and C. Thuillez Early Versus Delayed Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Experimental Chronic Heart Failure: Effects on Survival, Hemodynamics, and Cardiovascular Remodeling Circulation, March 4, 1997; 95(5): 1314 - 1319. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. Kijima, H. Matsubara, S. Murasawa, K. Maruyama, Y. Mori, N. Ohkubo, I. Komuro, Y. Yazaki, T. Iwasaka, and M. Inada Mechanical Stretch Induces Enhanced Expression of Angiotensin II Receptor Subtypes in Neonatal Rat Cardiac Myocytes Circ. Res., October 1, 1996; 79(4): 887 - 897. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Hokimoto, H. Yasue, K. Fujimoto, H. Yamamoto, K. Nakao, K. Kaikita, R. Sakata, and E. Miyamoto Expression of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in Remaining Viable Myocytes of Human Ventricles After Myocardial Infarction Circulation, October 1, 1996; 94(7): 1513 - 1518. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Luchner, T. L. Stevens, D. D. Borgeson, M. M. Redfield, J. E. Bailey, S. M. Sandberg, D. M. Heublein, and J. C. Burnett Angiotensin II in the Evolution of Experimental Heart Failure Hypertension, September 1, 1996; 28(3): 472 - 477. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. C. De Mello Renin-Angiotensin System and Cell Communication in the Failing Heart Hypertension, June 1, 1996; 27(6): 1267 - 1272. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. Lindpaintner, M. Lee, M. G. Larson, V. S. Rao, M. A. Pfeffer, J. M. Ordovas, E. J. Schaefer, A. F. Wilson, P. W.F. Wilson, R. S. Vasan, et al. Absence of Association or Genetic Linkage between the Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Gene and Left Ventricular Mass N. Engl. J. Med., April 18, 1996; 334(16): 1023 - 1028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Iwai, T. Inagami, N. Ohmichi, and M. Kinoshita Renin Is Expressed in Rat Macrophage/Monocyte Cells Hypertension, March 1, 1996; 27(3): 399 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				F. Pieruzzi, Z. A. Abassi, and H. R. Keiser Expression of Renin-Angiotensin System Components in the Heart, Kidneys, and Lungs of Rats With Experimental Heart Failure Circulation, November 15, 1995; 92(10): 3105 - 3112. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Sanbe and S. Takeo Long-term Treatment With Angiotensin I–Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Attenuates the Loss of Cardiac ß-Adrenoceptor Responses in Rats With Chronic Heart Failure Circulation, November 1, 1995; 92(9): 2666 - 2675. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				N. Iwai, H. Shimoike, and M. Kinoshita Cardiac Renin-Angiotensin System in the Hypertrophied Heart Circulation, November 1, 1995; 92(9): 2690 - 2696. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				F. G. Spinale, H. H. Holzgrefe, R. Mukherjee, R. B. Hird, J. D. Walker, A. Arnim-Barker, J. R. Powell, and W. H. Koster Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and the Progression of Congestive Cardiomyopathy : Effects on Left Ventricular and Myocyte Structure and Function Circulation, August 1, 1995; 92(3): 562 - 578. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. C. De Mello Influence of Intracellular Renin on Heart Cell Communication Hypertension, June 1, 1995; 25(6): 1172 - 1177. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				B. I. Jugdutt, M. I. Khan, S. J. Jugdutt, and G. E. Blinston Effect of Enalapril on Ventricular Remodeling and Function During Healing After Anterior Myocardial Infarction in the Dog Circulation, February 1, 1995; 91(3): 802 - 812. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Falkenhahn, F. Franke, R. M. Bohle, Y.-C. Zhu, H. M. Stauss, S. Bachmann, S. Danilov, and T. Unger Cellular Distribution of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme After Myocardial Infarction Hypertension, February 1, 1995; 25(2): 219 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				V. J. Dzau Tissue Renin-Angiotensin System in Myocardial Hypertrophy and Failure Arch Intern Med, April 26, 1993; 153(8): 937 - 942. [Abstract] [PDF]