Circulation Research, Vol 63, 437-447, Copyright © 1988 by American Heart Association

ARTICLES

Granulocytes and no-reflow phenomenon in irreversible hemorrhagic shock

J Barroso-Aranda, GW Schmid-Schonbein, BW Zweifach and RL Engler
AMES-Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.

Recent evidence shows that circulating granulocytes play an important role in capillary stasis and tissue injury. We investigated two aspects of the problem in a Wiggers hemorrhagic shock model of the rat: the survival rate and the microvascular no-reflow phenomenon. A conventional group of rats with normal blood cells and a neutropenic group of rats pretreated with intraperitoneal antigranulocyte antibody were used to evaluate the effects of granulocytes. Two hemorrhagic shock protocols (HSP) were carried out. In HSP-1, the rats were subjected to 40 mm Hg mean arterial pressure for 3 hours. The conventional group (n = 11) showed a 36% survival rate compared with 100% in the neutropenic group (n = 6). In HSP-2, the hypotension was more severe, 30 mm Hg mean arterial pressure for 7 hours. There were no survivors in the conventional group (n = 8), compared with a 100% survival rate in the neutropenic group (n = 6). The extent, location, and mechanism of the no-reflow phenomenon was investigated by examining histological sections from several organs after infusion of a contrast medium to mark vessels with flow in a control group without shock and in the HSP-2 model 2 hours after blood replacement. The arterioles and venules uniformly contained contrast medium in all three groups; only capillaries showed no-reflow. A significantly higher percentage of no- reflow was observed in the capillaries of the conventional shock group than in the neutropenic shock group. We concluded that the obstruction of capillaries was largely due to trapped granulocytes, suggesting that these leukocytes play a key role in the capillary no-reflow phenomenon and survival from hemorrhagic shock.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. Frink, A. Lu, B. M. Thobe, Y.-C. Hsieh, M. A. Choudhry, M. G. Schwacha, S. L. Kunkel, and I. H. Chaudry Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 influences trauma-hemorrhage-induced distal organ damage via regulation of keratinocyte-derived chemokine production Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2007; 292(3): R1110 - R1116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Sela, R. Mazor, M. Amsalam, C. Yagil, Y. Yagil, and B. Kristal Primed Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation Antecede Hypertension in the Sabra Rat Hypertension, November 1, 2004; 44(5): 764 - 769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. K. Oktar, M. A. Gulpinar, A. Bozkurt, S. Ghandour, S. Cetinel, H. Moini, B. C. Yegen, S. Bilsel, D. N. Granger, and H. Kurtel Endothelin receptor blockers reduce I/R-induced intestinal mucosal injury: role of blood flow Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, April 1, 2002; 282(4): G647 - G655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. H. Rezkalla and R. A. Kloner No-Reflow Phenomenon Circulation, February 5, 2002; 105(5): 656 - 662. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Miyabe, K. Yanagi, N. Ohshima, S. Sato, T. Fukuda, and H. Toyooka Sodium Nitroprusside Decreases Leukocyte Adhesion and Emigration After Hemorrhagic Shock Anesth. Analg., February 1, 2002; 94(2): 296 - 301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. SCALIA, K. M. COYLE, B. J. LEVINE, G. BOOTH, and A. M. LEFER C-peptide inhibits leukocyte-endothelium interaction in the microcirculation during acute endothelial dysfunction FASEB J, November 1, 2000; 14(14): 2357 - 2364. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				F. M. Akgur, M. F. Brown, G. B. Zibari, J. C. McDonald, C. J. Epstein, C. R. Ross, and D. N. Granger Role of superoxide in hemorrhagic shock-induced P-selectin expression Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2000; 279(2): H791 - H797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Mitsuoka, E. B. Kistler, and G. W. Schmid-Schonbein Generation of in vivo activating factors in the ischemic intestine by pancreatic enzymes PNAS, February 15, 2000; 97(4): 1772 - 1777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Kerger, K. F. Waschke, K. V. Ackern, A. G. Tsai, and M. Intaglietta Systemic and microcirculatory effects of autologous whole blood resuscitation in severe hemorrhagic shock Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 1999; 276(6): H2035 - H2043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Modelska, M. A. Matthay, L. A. S. Brown, E. Deutch, L. N. Lu, and J. F. Pittet Inhibition of beta -adrenergic-dependent alveolar epithelial clearance by oxidant mechanisms after hemorrhagic shock Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 1999; 276(5): L844 - L857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Tveita, K. Ytrehus, E. S. P. Myhre, and O. Hevroy Left ventricular dysfunction following rewarming from experimental hypothermia J Appl Physiol, December 1, 1998; 85(6): 2135 - 2139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. Harris, J. J. Costa, F. A. Delano, B. W. Zweifach, and G. W. Schmid-Schonbein Mechanisms of cell injury in rat mesentery and cremaster muscle Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 1998; 274(3): H1009 - H1015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Hierholzer, E. Kelly, K. Tsukada, E. Loeffert, S. Watkins, T. R. Billiar, and D. J. Tweardy Hemorrhagic shock induces G-CSF expression in bronchial epithelium Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, November 1, 1997; 273(5): L1058 - L1064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Aoki, Y. Suzuki, K. Nishio, K. Suzuki, A. Miyata, Y. Iigou, H. Serizawa, H. Tsumura, Y. Ishimura, M. Suematsu, et al. Role of CD18-ICAM-1 in the entrapment of stimulated leukocytes in alveolar capillaries of perfused rat lungs Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 1997; 273(5): H2361 - H2371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Komatsu, J. Panes, J. M. Russell, D. C. Anderson, V. R. Muzykantov, M. Miyasaka, and D. N. Granger Effects of Chronic Arterial Hypertension on Constitutive and Induced Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression In Vivo Hypertension, February 1, 1997; 29(2): 683 - 689. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. Kapoor and K. Prasad Beneficial Effects of Antioxidants in Hemorrhagic Shock Angiology, April 1, 1995; 46(4): 281 - 297. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. Shen, F. A. DeLano, B. W. Zweifach, and G. W. Schmid-Schonbein Circulating Leukocyte Counts, Activation, and Degranulation in Dahl Hypertensive Rats Circ. Res., February 1, 1995; 76(2): 276 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. W LaMORTE, P. R. Cordts, L. M. Hanrahan, T. E. Scott, C. Hartono, and J. O. Menzoian Leukocytes, Lipids, and Chronic Venous Insufficiency: A New Perspective on an Old Disease Perspectives in Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, January 1, 1993; 6(1): 95 - 107. [PDF]

				G. W. Schmid-Schonbein The Damaging Potential of Leukocyte Activation in the Microcirculation Angiology, January 1, 1993; 44(1): 45 - 56. [Abstract] [PDF]