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(Circulation Research. 2009;104:600.)
© 2009 American Heart Association, Inc.

Molecular Medicine

Human Endothelial Cells of the Placental Barrier Efficiently Deliver Cholesterol to the Fetal Circulation via ABCA1 and ABCG1

Jasminka Stefulj^*, Ute Panzenboeck^*, Tatjana Becker, Birgit Hirschmugl, Cornelia Schweinzer, Ingrid Lang, Gunther Marsche, Anton Sadjak, Uwe Lang, Gernot Desoye, Christian Wadsack

From the Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology (J.S., U.P., T.B., C.S., A.S.); Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.H., U.L., G.D., C.W.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology (I.L.); and Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (G.M.), Medical University Graz, Austria; and Department of Molecular Biology (J.S.), Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.

Correspondence to Ute Panzenboeck, Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31a, 8010 Graz, Austria. E-mail ute.panzenboeck{at}meduni-graz.at

Although maternal–fetal cholesterol transfer may serve to compensate for insufficient fetal cholesterol biosynthesis under pathological conditions, it may have detrimental consequences under conditions of maternal hypercholesterolemia leading to preatherosclerotic lesion development in fetal aortas. Maternal cholesterol may enter fetal circulation by traversing syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial layers of the placenta. We hypothesized that endothelial cells (ECs) of the fetoplacental vasculature display a high and tightly regulated capacity for cholesterol release. Using ECs isolated from human term placenta (HPECs), we investigated cholesterol release capacity and examined transporters involved in cholesterol efflux pathways controlled by liver-X-receptors (LXRs). HPECs demonstrated 2.5-fold higher cholesterol release to lipid-free apolipoprotein (apo)A-I than human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs), whereas both cell types showed similar cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Interestingly, treatment of HPECs with LXR activators increased cholesterol efflux to both types of acceptors, whereas no such response could be observed for HUVECs. In line with enhanced cholesterol efflux, LXR activation in HPECs increased expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, while not altering expression of ABCG4 and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). Inhibition of ABCA1 or silencing of ABCG1 decreased cholesterol efflux to apoA-I (–70%) and HDL₃ (–57%), respectively. Immunohistochemistry localized both transporters predominantly to the apical membranes of placental ECs in situ. Thus, ECs of human term placenta exhibit unique, efficient and LXR-regulated cholesterol efflux mechanisms. We propose a sequential pathway mediated by ABCA1 and ABCG1, respectively, by which HPECs participate in forming mature HDL in the fetal blood.

Key Words: maternal–fetal cholesterol transfer • endothelial cells • HDL • liver X receptors

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